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Grants & SBIR

Plain-language definitions of every Grants & SBIR term that shows up in government contracting work.


Grants & SBIR

Block Grant

A block grant provides federal funds to states or localities for a broad program area with significant recipient flexibility in how the money is spent within that category.

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Grants & SBIR

Cooperative Agreement

A cooperative agreement is a federal financial assistance award similar to a grant but with substantial agency involvement in the project's execution, where the government actively collaborates rather than just providing funds.

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Grants & SBIR

Cost Principles for Grants

Federal grant cost principles define which expenditures are allowable, allocable, and reasonable when charged to a federal award, governing direct and indirect cost recovery for grantees.

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Grants & SBIR

Cost Share and Match Requirements

Cost share and matching requirements obligate grant recipients to contribute a specified percentage of non-federal resources to the funded project, demonstrating co-investment in the program's success.

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Grants & SBIR

Discretionary Grant

A discretionary grant is a competitive federal grant award in which the agency selects recipients based on merit review of applications, with the agency retaining discretion over which projects to fund.

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Grants & SBIR

Federal Assistance

Federal assistance encompasses all forms of federal financial support to non-federal entities, including grants, cooperative agreements, loans, loan guarantees, and direct payments, that are not contracts to acquire goods or services.

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Grants & SBIR

Federal Grant

A federal grant is a financial assistance award from the U.S. government to an eligible recipient for a public purpose, where the government receives no goods or services in direct return.

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Grants & SBIR

Formula Grant

A formula grant distributes federal funds to eligible recipients, typically states, based on a predetermined statutory formula using data such as population, poverty rates, or enrollment figures.

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Grants & SBIRFOA

Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA)

A Funding Opportunity Announcement is an agency's public notice inviting eligible organizations to submit applications for competitive grant or cooperative agreement funding for a specific program.

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Grants & SBIR

Grant Application

A grant application is the formal submission by an eligible organization responding to a Notice of Funding Opportunity, including a technical narrative, budget, and required certifications.

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Grants & SBIR

Grant Compliance

Grant compliance encompasses the financial, programmatic, and administrative requirements a federal grantee must meet throughout the award period to properly account for and use federal funds.

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Grants & SBIR

Grant vs. Contract

The grant vs. contract distinction in federal law determines whether the government is providing financial assistance for a public purpose or procuring goods and services for its own direct benefit.

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Grants & SBIRNOFO

Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO)

A Notice of Funding Opportunity is the official announcement of a federal grant competition, describing the eligible applicants, award amounts, application requirements, and evaluation criteria.

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Grants & SBIR

Pass-Through Entity

A pass-through entity is a grantee that receives federal award funds and distributes a portion to subrecipients through subawards while retaining responsibility for program compliance and subrecipient oversight.

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Grants & SBIR

Period of Performance in Grants

The period of performance in a federal grant is the authorized time interval during which the recipient may incur allowable costs and use federal funds to carry out the approved project activities.

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Grants & SBIRR&D

Research and Development (R&D) Contracting

R&D contracting in the federal government covers the procurement of basic research, applied research, and experimental development through contracts, grants, and specialized mechanisms like OTAs and BAAs.

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Grants & SBIR

SBIR Direct to Phase II

SBIR Direct to Phase II allows companies that have already established technical feasibility through non-SBIR work to skip Phase I and apply directly for a larger Phase II SBIR award.

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Grants & SBIR

SBIR Phase I

SBIR Phase I is the feasibility stage of the Small Business Innovation Research program, providing up to $300,000 for 6-12 months to determine whether a proposed innovation has technical merit and commercial potential.

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Grants & SBIR

SBIR Phase II

SBIR Phase II is the principal R&D stage of the SBIR program, providing up to $2 million over 24 months for full technology development and prototype creation based on successful Phase I results.

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Grants & SBIR

SBIR Phase III Commercialization

SBIR Phase III is the commercialization stage where small businesses transition technology developed in Phases I and II into government procurement contracts or private sector products, without additional SBIR set-aside funds.

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Grants & SBIR

Single Audit (A-133)

The Single Audit is an annual independent audit required for organizations that spend $1 million or more in federal financial assistance in a fiscal year, covering financial statements and federal program compliance.

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Grants & SBIRSBIR

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

SBIR is a competitive federal program requiring 11 agencies to set aside a percentage of R&D budgets for small businesses, providing non-dilutive funding through three phased awards totaling up to $2 million or more.

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Grants & SBIRSTTR

Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)

STTR is a federal R&D funding program that requires small businesses to partner with a nonprofit research institution, facilitating technology transfer from university labs to commercialization.

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Grants & SBIR

Subaward

A subaward is a grant or cooperative agreement award made by a pass-through entity to a subrecipient to carry out part of a federal program, subject to full federal compliance requirements.

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Grants & SBIR

Uniform Administrative Requirements (2 CFR 200)

2 CFR Part 200 (the Uniform Guidance) is the comprehensive federal regulation governing financial management, cost principles, and audit requirements for all federal grants and cooperative agreements.

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